Danquah, Emelia, Asiamah, Nestor, Arthur‑Mensah Jnr, Reginald, Chan, Alex Sui Wing and Khan, Hafiz T.A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1817-3730 (2025) Association of frailty with physical activity behaviour and well-being in older employees: moderated mediation by functional difficulty. BMC Public Health, 25 (400). ISSN 1471-2458

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Abstract

Background Many studies have highlighted the association between frailty, physical activity behaviour (PAB),
and well-being, but no study has investigated a potential moderated mediating role of functional difculty in this
relationship. This association may not be the same between diferent income levels. This study, therefore, assessed
the above moderated mediation between low- and higher-income sample
Methods This research employed a cross-sectional design in accordance with established research-reporting guid
lines. The study population comprised two distinct Ghanaian samples, with N=942 individuals in the low-income
group and N=600 individuals in the higher income group. Data analysis was carried out using Hayes’s Process model
through structural equation modelling, with additional sensitivity analyses performed through hierarchical linear
regression.
Results Frailty had a direct negative efect and an indirect negative efect (through functional difculty) on well
being in both samples. A partial mediation of functional difculty was found in the relationship between frailty
and well-being in both samples. We also found evidence of a moderated mediation by functional difculty
in both samples; however, this efect was stronger in the higher-income sample
Conclusion Older employees with frailty are less likely to report lower functional difculty and well-being at higher
PAB. Our results suggest a need for workplace programmes aimed at encouraging PAB. It also reinforces the impor‑
tance of individuals performing and maintaining PAB.

Item Type:	Article
Identifier:	10.1186/s12889-025-21596-9
Subjects:	Medicine and health
Depositing User:	Hafiz T.A. Khan
Date Deposited:	03 Feb 2025 08:24
Last Modified:	03 Feb 2025 08:30
URI:	https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/13210

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