Arthur, E., Schjønning, P., Moldrup, P., Tuller, M., de Jonge, L.W., 2013. Density and permeability
of a loess soil: long-term organic matter effect and the response to compressive
stress. Geoderma 193–194, 236–245.
Blackwell, P.S., Ringrose-Voase, A.J., Jayawardane, N.S., Olsson, K.A., McKenzie, D.C.,
Mason, W.K., 1990. The use of air-filled porosity and intrinsic permeability to air to
characterize structure of macropore space and saturated hydraulic conductivity of
clay soils. Soil Sci. 41, 215–228.
Celik, I., Ortas, I., Kilic, S., 2004. Effects of compost, mycorrhizal, manure and fertilizer on
some physical properties of a Chromoxerert soil. Soil Tillage Res. 78, 59–67.
Chapuis, R.P., 2012. Predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils: a review. Bull.
Eng. Geol. Environ. 71, 401–434.
Dal Ferro, N., Charrier, P., Morari, F., 2013. Dual-scale micro-CT assessment of soil structure
in a long-term fertilization experiment. Geoderma 204–205, 84–93.
Deepagoda, T.K.K., Moldrup, P., Schjønning, P., Kawamoto, K., Komatsu, T., de Jonge, L.W.,
2012. Generalized density-corrected model for gas diffusivity in variably saturated
soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75, 1315–1329.
Deurer, M., Grinev, D., Young, I., Clothier, B.E., Muller, K., 2009. The impact of soil carbon
management on soil macropore structure: a comparison of two apple orchard systems
in New Zealand. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 60, 945–955.
Doube, M., Kłosowski, M., Arganda-Carreras, I., Cordelières, F., Dougherty, R.P.,
Jackson, J., Schmid, B., Hutchinson, J.R., Shefelbine, S.J., 2010. BoneJ: free and extensible
bone image analysis in ImageJ. Bone 47, 1076–1079. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.bone.2010.08.023.
Dowuona, G.N.N., Taina, I.A., Heck, R.J., 2009. Porosity analysis of two acrisols by X-ray
computed tomography. Soil Sci. 174, 583–593.
Eden, M., Schjønning, P., Moldrup, P., Vogel, H.-J., Scow, K.M., de Jonge, L.W., 2012. Linking
soil physical parameters along a density gradient in a loess-soil long term experiment.
Soil Sci. 177, 1–11.
Feldkamp, L.A., Davis, L.C., Kress, J.W., 1984. Practical cone-beam algorithm. J. Opt. Soc.
Am. A1, 612–619.
Fraser, P., Haynes, R., Williams, P., 1994. Effect of pasture improvement and intensive cultivation
in size of microbial biomass, enzyme activities and composition and size of
earthworm populations. Biol. Fertil. Soils 17, 185–190.
Gee, G.W., Or, D., 2002. Particle size analysis. In: Dane, J.H., Topp, G.C. (Eds.), Methods of
Soil Analysis, Part 4, Physical Methods. Book Series No. 5. Soil Science Society of
America, Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 255–293.
Haynes, R.J., Naidu, R., 1998. Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil
organic matter content on soil physical conditions: a review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst.
51, 123–137.
Iversen, B.V., Schjønning, P., Poulsen, T.G., Moldrup, P., 2001. In situ, on site and laboratory
measurements of soil air permeability: boundary conditions and measurement scale.
Soil Sci. 166, 97–106.
Jassonge, L., McNeill, A., Chittleborough, D., 2007. 3D visualization and analysis of macroand
meso-porosity of the upper horizons of sodic, texture-contrast soil. Eur. J. Soil Sci.
58, 589–598.
Kawamoto, K., Moldrup, P., Schjønning, P., Iversen, B.V., Komatsu, T., Rolston, D.E., 2006.
Gas transport parameters in the vadose zone: development and test of power-law
models for air permeability. Vadose Zone J. 5, 1205–1215.
Körschens, M., 2006. The importance of long-term field experiments for soil science and
environmental research—a review. Plant Soil Environ. 52, 1–8.
Körschens, M., Pfefferkorn, A., 1998. The Static Fertilization Experiment and Other Longterm
Field Experiments. Umweltforschungszentrum UFZ, Leipzig-Halle, Germany.
Lamandé, M., Labouriau, R., Holmstrup, M., Torp, S.B., Greve, M.H., Heckrath, G., Iversen,
B.V., de Jonge, L.W., Moldrup, P., Jacobsen, O.H., 2011. Density of macropores as related
to soil and earthworm community parameters in cultivated grasslands. Geoderma.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.03.04.
Luo, L.F., Lin, H.S., Li, S.C., 2010. Quantification of 3-D soil macropore networks in different
soil types and land uses using computed tomography. J. Hydro. 393, 53–64.
Merbach, I., Elke, S., 2013. Long-term fertilization effects on crop yields, soil fertility and
sustainability in the Static Fertilization Experiment Bad Lauchstädt under climatic
conditions 2001–2010. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 59, 1041–1057.
Moldrup, P., Olsen, T., Schjonning, P., Yamaguchi, T., Rolston, D.E., 2000a. Predicting the
gas diffusion coefficient in repacked soil: water-induced linear reduction model.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64, 1588–1594.
Moldrup, P., Olsen, T., Schjonning, P., Yamaguchi, T., Rolston, D.E., 2000b. Predicting the
gas diffusion coefficient in undisturbed soil from soil water characteristics. Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J. 64, 94–100.
Moldrup, P., Poulsen, T.G., Schjonning, P., Olesen, T., Yamaguchi, T., 1998. Gas permeability
in undisturbed soils: measurements and predictive models. Soil Sci. 163, 180–189.
Nunan, N., Ritz, K., Rivers, M., Feeney, D.S., Young, I.M., 2006. Investigating microbial
micro-habitat structure using X-ray computed tomography. Geoderma 133, 398–407.
Naveed, M., Moldrup, P., Arthur, E., Wildenschild, D., Eden, M., Lamande, M., Vogel, H.-J.,
de Jonge, L.W., 2013. Revealing soil structure and functional macroporosity along a
clay gradient using X-ray computed tomography. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 77, 403–411.
Or, D., Tuller, M., 1999. Liquid retention and interfacial area in variably saturated porous
media: upscaling from single pore to sample scale model. Water Resour. Res. 35,
3591–3606.
Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., 1998. Use of manure for soil improvement. In: Wallace, A., Terry,
R.E. (Eds.), Handbook of Soil Conditioners. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA,
pp. 119–139.
Papadopoulos, A., Bird, N.R.A., Whitmore, A.P., Mooney, S.J., 2009. Investigating the effects
of organic and conventional management on soil aggregate stability using X-ray computed
tomography. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 60, 360–368.
Pardo, A., Amato, M., Chiaranda, F.Q., 2000. Relationships between soil structure, root distribution
and water uptake of chicken pea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant growth and
water distribution. Eur. J. Agron. 13, 39–45.
Perret, J.P., Prashar, S.O., Kanzas, A., Langford, C., 1999. Three-dimensional quantification
of macropore networks in undisturbed soil cores. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Journal 63,
1530–1543.
Rasband, W.S., 2011. ImageJ. U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
(http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/, 1997–2012).
Russ, J.C., 2010. The Image Processing Handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Sauvola, J., Pietikenien, M., 2000. Adaptive document image binarization. Pattern Recogn.
33, 225–236.
Schlüter, S., Weller, U., Vogel, H.-J., 2011. Soil structure development including seasonal
dynamics in a long-term fertilization experiment. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 174,
395–403.
Schjønning, P., Eden, M., Moldrup, P., de Jonge, L.W., 2013. Two-chamber, two-gas and
one-chamber, one-gas methods for measuring the soil–gas diffusion coefficient: validation
and inter-calibration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 77, 729–744.
Schjønning, P., Munkholm, L.J., Moldrup, P., Jacobsen, O.H., 2002. Modelling soil pore characteristics
from measurements of air exchange: the long term effects of fertilization
and crop rotation. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 53, 331–339.
Schjønning, P., Christensen, B., Carstensen, B., 1994. Physical and chemical properties of a
sandy loam receiving animal manure, mineral fertilizer or no fertilizer for 90 years.
Eur. J. Soil Sci. 45, 257–268.
Schmid, B., Schindelin, J., Cardona, A., Longair, M., Heisenberg, M., 2010. A high-level 3D
visualization API for Java and ImageJ. BMC Bioinforma. 11, 274.
Stepniewski, W., 1980. Oxygen diffusion and strength as related soil compaction. I. ODR.
Pol. J. Soil Sci. 13, 3–13.
Stepniewski, W., 1981. Oxygen diffusion and strength as related soil compaction. II. Oxygen
diffusion coefficient. Pol. J. Soil Sci. 14, 3–13.
Tuller, M., Kulkarni, R., Fink, W., 2013. Segmentation of X-ray CT data of porous materials:
a review of global and locally adaptive algorithms, In: Anderson, S.A., Hopmans, J.W.
(Eds.), Tomography and Imaging of Soil–Water–Root Processes, 2nd ed. SSSA Special
Publication, 61. Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI. ISBN: 978-0-89118-958-9, pp. 157–182
Tuller, M., Or, D., 2005. Water retention and characteristic curve. In: Hillel, D. (Ed.), Encyclopedia
of Soils in the Environment—Volume 4. Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, U.K., pp. 278–289.
Vaz, C.M.P., de Maria, I.C., Lasso, P.O., Tuller, M., 2011. Evaluation of an advanced benchtop
micro-computed tomography system for quantifying porosities and pore-size distributions
of two Brazilian oxisols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75 (3), 832–841. http://dx.doi.org/
10.2136/sssaj2010.0245.
Vogel, H.-J., Weller, U., Schlüter, S., 2010. Quantification of soil structure based on
Minkowski functions. Comput. Geosci. 36, 1236–1245.
van Genuchten, M.T., 1980. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity
of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 892–898.
Wildenschild, D., Hopmans, J.W., Vaz, C.M.P., Rivers, M.L., Rikard, D., Christensen, B.S.B.,
2002. Using X-ray computed tomography in hydrology: systems, resolutions, and
limitations. J. Hydrol. 267, 285–297.
Jury, William A., Horton, R., 2004. Soil Physics, 6th ed. John Wiley047105965X (384 pp.).
William, E.L., Cline, H.E., 1987. Marching cubes: a high resolution 3D surface construction
algorithm. Computer Graphics. , vol. 21 (Nr. 4).
Wolf, B., Snyder, G.H., 2003. Sustainable Soils: The Place of Organic Matter in Sustaining
Soils and Their Productivity. Food Products Press of The Haworth, New York.
Yang, X., Li, P., Zhang, S., Sun, B., Xinping, C., 2011. Long-term-fertilization effects on soil
organic carbon, physical properties and wheat yield of a loess soil. J. Plant Nutr. Soil
Sci. 174, 775–784.
Zhengchao, Z., Zhuoting, G., Zhouping, S., Fuping, Z., 2013. Effect of long-term repeated
mineral and organic fertilizer applications on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen
in a semi-arid cropland. Eur. J. Agr. 45, 20–26.
Zhou, H., Xinhua, P., Edmund, P., Tiqiao, X., Guanyun, P., 2013. Effect of organic and
inorganic fertilization on soil aggregation in an Ultisol as characterized by synchrotron
based X-ray micro-computed tomography. Geoderma 195–196,
23–30.