A signal processing methodology for assessing the performance of ASTM standard test methods for GPR systems

Lists

Benedetto, Francesco and Tosti, Fabio ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-9937 (2016) A signal processing methodology for assessing the performance of ASTM standard test methods for GPR systems. Signal Processing, 132. pp. 327-337. ISSN 0165-1684

[thumbnail of Benedetto & Tosti_SIGPRO.pdf]

Preview

PDF
Benedetto & Tosti_SIGPRO.pdf - Accepted Version
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives.
Download (1MB) | Preview

Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2016.06.030

Abstract

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most promising and effective non-destructive testing techniques (NDTs), particularly for the interpretation of the soil properties. Within the framework of international Agencies dealing with the standardization of NDTs, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has published several standard test methods related to GPR, none of which is focused on a detailed analysis of the system performance, particularly in terms of precision and bias of the testing variable under consideration. This work proposes a GPR signal processing methodology, calibrated and validated on the basis of a consistent amount of data collected by means of laboratory-scale tests, to assess the performance of the above standard test methods for GPR systems. The (theoretical) expressions of the bias and variance of the estimation error are here investigated by a reduced Taylor's expansion up to the second order. Therefore, a closed form expression for theoretically tuning the optimal threshold according to a fixed target value of the GPR signal stability is proposed. Finally, the study is extended to GPR systems with different antenna frequencies to analyze the specific relationship between the frequency of investigation, the optimal thresholds, and the signal stability.

Item Type:	Article
Identifier:	10.1016/j.sigpro.2016.06.030
Additional Information:	© 2016 Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Keywords:	Ground Penetrating Radar; GPR calibration; Performance evaluation; Civil engineering application
Subjects:	Construction and engineering > Built environment Construction and engineering > Civil and structural engineering Computing Construction and engineering
Depositing User:	Fabio Tosti
Date Deposited:	30 Jun 2016 11:30
Last Modified:	04 Nov 2024 12:16
URI:	https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/2700

Downloads

Downloads per month over past year

Actions (login required)

View Item

References

[1] Annan A. P., GPR—History, Trends, and Future Developments, Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2002, 253-270
[2] Daniels D.J. 2004. Ground Penetrating Radar. The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London.
[3] Benedetto A., Pajewski L. 2015. Civil Engineering Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar. Springer International Publishing. pp. 371. 10.1007/978-3-319-04813-0
[4] Jol H., Ground Penetrating Radar Theory and Application, Elsevier, 2008.
[5] Tosti F., Pajewski L. 2015. Applications of Radar Systems in Planetary Sciences: An Overview. In. Civil Engineering Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar, Benedetto and Pajewski eds. pp. 361-371.
[6] CEI 306-8, Impiego del radar per introspezione del suolo per prospezioni ad opera di posa di servizi ed infrastrutture sotterranee, Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano, 2004.
[7] IDS Spa, Linee Guida - La tecnologia IDS nel settore GEORADAR, IDS Ingegneria Dei Sistemi, 2001.
[8] ASI, Linee Guida per indagini geofisiche, Associazione Società di Geofisica, 2012.
[9] French Standard NF S70-003-2 (2012): Travaux à proximité des réseaux. Partie 2: techniques de détection sans fouille/Works in the neighborhood of utilities. Part 2: Trenchless techniques of detection.
[10] B 10: Merkblatt über das Radarverfahren zur Zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V., DGZfP (2008)
[11] BASt-report B 55.: Überprüfung des Georadarverfahrens in Kombination mit magnetischen Verfahren zur Zustandsbewertung von Brückenfahrbahnplatten aus Beton mit Belagsaufbau, Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (2007)
[12] Mara Nord Project.: Recommendations for guidelines for the use of GPR in asphalt air voids content measurement, June 2011
[13] Mara Nord Project.: Recommendations for guidelines for the use of GPR in road construction quality control, June 2011
[14] Mara Nord Project.: Recommendations for guidelines for the use of GPR in bridge deck surveys, June 2011
[15] Mara Nord Project.: The Use of GPR in Road Rehabilitation Projects, June 2011
[16] Mara Nord Project.: Recommendations for guidelines for the use of GPR in Site investigations, June 2011
[17] ETSI EN 301 489-1 v1.9.2, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 1: Common technical requirements, Sept. 2011, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. DEN/ERM-EMC-230-32, 45 pp.
[18] ETSI EN 301 489-32 v1.1.1, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 32: Specific conditions for Ground and Wall Probing Radar applications, Sept. 2009, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. DEN/ERM-EMC-230-32, 12 pp. [8].
[19] ETSI EN 302/066-1 v1.2.1, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications (GPR/WPR) imaging systems; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods, Dec. 2007, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. REN/ERM-TG31A-0113-1, 25 pp. [9].
[20] ETSI EN 302/066-2 v1.2.1, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications (GPR/WPR) imaging systems; Part 2: Harmonized EN covering essential requirements of article 3.2 of the RTTE Directive, Dec. 2007, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. REN/ERM-TG31A-0113-2, 12 pp. [10].
[21] RTTE Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity. Official Journal L 091 , 07/04/1999 P. 0010 - 0028
[22] ETSI EG 202 730 v1.1.1, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Code of Practice in respect of the control, use and application of Ground Probing Radar (GPR) and Wall Probing Radar (WPR) systems and equipment, Sept. 2009, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. DEG/ERM-TGUWB-010, 11 pp. [11].
[23] ASTM D6432-11, Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011, www.astm.org, DOI: 10.1520/D6432-11.
[24] ASTM D6087-08, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Asphalt-Covered Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, www.astm.org, DOI: 10.1520/D6087-08.
[25] ASTM D4748-10, Standard Test Method for Determining the Thickness of Bound Pavement Layers Using Short-Pulse Radar, ASTM International,West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, www.astm.org, DOI: 10.1520/D4748-10.
[26] Zhao A., Jiang Y., and Wang W. 2005. Signal-to-noise ratio enhancement in multichannel GPR data via the Karhunen-Loève transform. Progr. Electromagn. Res., 1(6), pp. 754–757.
[27] Li J., Le Bastard C., Wang Y., Wei G., Ma B., and Sun M. 2016. Enhanced GPR Signal for Layered Media Time-Delay Estimation in Low-SNR Scenario. IEEE Geosci. and Remote Sensing Letters, 13(3), pp. 299 – 303..
[28] Travassos X. L., Vieira D. A. G., Palade V. , and Nicolas A. 2009. Noise Reduction in a Non-Homogenous Ground Penetrating Radar Problem by Multiobjective Neural Networks. IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, 45(3), pp. 1454-1457.
[29] Bradford J., and Wu Y. 2007. Instantaneous spectral analysis: Time-frequency mapping via wavelet matching with application to contaminated-site characterization by 3D GPR. The Leading Edge, vol. 26, pp. 1018-1023.
[30] Economou N., and Vafidis A. 2010. Spectral balancing GPR data using time variant band-width in t-f domain. Geophysics, 75(3), pp. J19-J27.
[31] Economou N., and Vafidis A. 2012. GPR data time varying deconvolution by kurtosis maximization. J. of Appl. Geophys., 81, 117-121.
[32] De Pue J., Van Meirvenne M., and Cornelis W. M. 2016. Accounting for Surface Refraction in Velocity Semblance Analysis With Air-Coupled GPR. IEEE J. of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 9(1), pp. 60-73.
[33] Feng X., Yu Y., Liu C., and Fehler M. 2015. Combination of H-Alpha Decomposition and Migration for Enhancing Subsurface Target Classification of GPR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 53(9), pp. 4852-4861.
[34] Gurbuz A. C., McClellan J.H., and Scott Jr. W.R. 2009. Compressive sensing for subsurface imaging using ground penetrating radar., Signal Processing, 89(10), pp. 1959–1972.
[35] Massa A., Boni A., and Donelli M. 2005. A Classification Approach Based on SVM for Electromagnetic Subsurface Sensing. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 43(9), pp. 2084-2093.
[36] Rial F. I., Lorenzo H., Novo A., Pereira M. 2011. Checking the Signal Stability in GPR Systems and Antennas. IEEE JSTARS, 4 (4), 785 – 790.
[37] Maser, K.R. and Scullion, T. (1991). “Automated detection of pavement layer thicknesses and subsurface moisture using ground penetrating radar. Transportation Research Board Paper.
[38] Loken, M.C. 2007. “Use of ground penetrating radar to evaluate Minnesota roads”, Report MN/RC-2007-01, Minnesota Dpt of Transp, Maplewood, MN, USA.
[39] Galagedara L.W., Parkin G.W., Redman J.D., von Bertoldi P. and Endres A.L. 2005. Field studies of the GPR ground wave method for estimat¬ing soil water content during irrigation and drainage. Journal of Hydrology 301, 182–197. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.06.031.
[40] Le Gall A., Ciarletti V., Berthelier J.-J., Reineix A., Guiffaut C., Ney R. et al. 2008. An imaging HF GPR using stationary antennas: experi¬mental validation over the Antarctic ice sheet. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46(12), 3975–3986. doi: 10.1109/ TGRS.2008.2000718.
[41] Tosti, F., and Slob, E.C., Determination, by using GPR, of the volumetric water content in structures, substructures, foundations and soil. Chapter 7 (2015) - In: A. Benedetto & L. Pajewski (Eds.), Civil Engineering Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar, Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering Book Series, 163–194. ISBN 978-3-319-04812-3. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04813-0_7.
[42] Benedetto A., Benedetto F. and Tosti F. 2012a. GPR applications for geotechnical stability of transportation infrastructures. Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 27(3), 253–262. doi: 10589759.2012.694884.
[43] Hugenschmidt J. 2000. Railway track inspection using GPR. Journal of Applied Geophysics 43(2), 147–155. doi: 10.1016/S0926- 9851(99)00054-3.
[44] Al-Qadi I.L., Lahouar S. 2004. Use of GPR for thickness measurement and quality control of flexible pavements. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists 73, 501–528.
[45] Benedetto A. 2010. Water content evaluation in unsaturated soil using GPR signal analysis in the frequency domain. Journal of Applied Geophysics 71, 26–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2010.03.001.
[46] Benedetto A., and Benedetto F. 2011. Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture Content by GPR Signal Processing in the Frequency Domain. IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 2432-2441.
[47] Scullion T., Lau C.L. and Chen Y. 1994. Pavement evaluations using ground penetrating radar. International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, pp. 449-463.
[48] Saarenketo, T., Scullion, T., 2000. Road evaluation with ground penetrating radar. J. Appl. Geophys., 43 (2), 119-138.
[49] Patriarca C., Tosti F., Velds C., Benedetto A., Lambot S. and Slob E.C. 2013. Frequency dependent electric properties of homogeneous multi-phase lossy media in the ground-penetrating radar frequency range. Journal of Applied Geophysics 97, 81–88. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.05.003.
[50] Tosti, F., Benedetto, A., Bianchini Ciampoli, L., Lambot, S., Patriarca, C., and Slob, E.C. 2016. GPR analysis of clayey soil behaviour in unsaturated conditions for pavement engineering and geoscience applications, Near Surface Geophysics 14(2), 127–144,.
[51] Benedetto, F., and Tosti, F. 2013. GPR spectral analysis for clay content evaluation by the frequency shift method, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 1 (97), 89–96.
[52] Huston D.R., Hu J., Maser K., Weedon W. and Adam C. 1999. Ground penetrating radar for concrete bridge health monitoring applications. In: Proceedings of SPIE 3587, pp. 170-179. doi:10.1117/12.339922.
[53] Benedetto A., Manacorda G., Simi A. and Tosti F. 2012. Novel perspectives in bridges inspection using GPR. Nondestructive Testing And Evaluation 27(3), 239–251.
[54] Benedetto A., Tosti F., Inferring bearing ratio of unbound materials from dielectric properties using GPR: the case of Runaway Safety Areas, Airfield and Highway Pavement 2013: Sustainable and Efficient Pavements - Proceedings of the 2013 Airfield and Highway Pavement Conference, 2013.
[55] Tosti, F., Adabi, S., Pajewski, L., Schettini, G., and Benedetto, A. 2014. Large-scale analysis of dielectric and mechanical properties of pavement using GPR and LFWD. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Bruxelles, Belgium, pp. 268-273.
[56] Benedetto, A., Tosti, F., Pajewski, L., D'Amico, F., Kusayanagi, W. FDTD simulation of the GPR signal for effective inspection of pavement damages (2014) Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2014, art. no. 6970477, pp. 513-518.
[57] Jacob R. W., and Hermance J. F. 2004. Precision GPR measurements: assessing and compensating for instrument drift. Proc. of the 10th Int. Conf. on Ground Penetrating Radar, vol. 1, pp. 159-162, 2004.
[58] Pereira M., Rial F.I., Lorenzo H., and Arias P. 2005. Analysis and calibration of gpr shielded antennas. Proc. of the 3rd Int. Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar, pp. 147 – 151.
[59] Strange A. D. 2013. Analysis of time interpolation for enhanced resolution GPR data", Proc. of the 7th Int Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar, pp. 1 – 5.
[60] Carlson A. B., Crilly P. B., and Rutledge J. C. 2002. Communication Systems: An Introduction to Signals and Noise in Electrical Communication. 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill international, NY.
[61] Benedetto, F., Giunta, G. 2011. A fast time-delay estimator of PN signals. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 59 (8), 2057-2062.
[62] Guzzon, E., Benedetto, F., Giunta, G. 2013. A new test for initial code acquisition of correlated cells. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 62 (5), 2349-2358.
[63] Benedetto, F., Giunta, G. 2009. A self-synchronizing method for asynchronous code acquisition in band-limited spread spectrum communications. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 57 (8), 2410-2419.
[64] Olhoeft G. R. 2002. The new ground-penetrating radar regulatory environment. Proc. SPIE 4758, 9th Int. Conf. on Ground Penetrating Radar.
[65] Feigin J., Roberts R., and Parrillo R. 2010. Noise and Interference Reduction in Air-Launched Antennas used for GPR Evaluation of Roads and Bridges. Proc. of the Structural Materials Technology Conf.
[66] EUWB consortium, 2011. Ultra-Wideband: Past, Present and Future (White Paper). http://www.euwb.eu/
[67] Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Regulations. USA regulations on UWB GPR, Section 15, Ch. I (10-1-09 Edition).

Tools

CORE (COnnecting REpositories)

The University of West London

A signal processing methodology for assessing the performance of ASTM standard test methods for GPR systems

Abstract

Downloads

Actions (login required)

Menu