Abdullah, Mohannad Omar, Hassan, Mohammed Y. and Saeed, Nagham ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5124-7973 (2026) Hybrid Fuzzy–incremental Conductance MPPT on Spartan-3 FPGA for PV Systems: Implementation of Hardware-in-the-Loop. International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, 19 (4). pp. 1122-1138.

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Abstract

This work presents an intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy to enhance photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting under rapidly varying irradiance and temperature conditions. Conventional Perturb-and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (INC) methods suffer from steady-state oscillations, drift, and slow dynamic response, leading to power losses. To overcome these limitations, a hybrid MPPT scheme is proposed that combines INC for estimating the instantaneous maximum power point voltage (Vmpp) with a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The FLC processes the tracking error and its variation to generate the duty cycle that controls an interleaved boost converter via a PWM generator. The input and output scaling factors of the FLC are optimally tuned using the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) to improve tracking accuracy and adaptability. Building on a previously developed control strategy, a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) implementation is presented, where the PV array and converter are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and the controller is executed on an FPGA. Experimental results demonstrate reduced steady-state ripple and improved tracking efficiency compared to conventional methods with 99.65% tracking efficiency and 0.15% steady-state ripple.

Item Type:	Article
Identifier:	10.22266/ijies2026.0430.64
Keywords:	MPPT, Fuzzy logic controller, Incremental conductance algorithm, Grey wolf optimizer, Hardware in the loop, FPGA.
Date Deposited:	01 Oct 2026
Dates:	Date Publication status 30 April 2026 Published
School, department or research centre:	School of Computing and Engineering
Keywords:	MPPT, Fuzzy logic controller, Incremental conductance algorithm, Grey wolf optimizer, Hardware in the loop, FPGA.
URI:	https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/15484

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