Hernandez, Galo, Hill, Matthew, Tallis, Jason and Eustace, Steven (2026) Reliability of athletic shoulder test for maximal and rapid isometric force production in climbers. Minerva Medica. ISSN 0026-4806 (In Press)

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:
The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of the Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test for measuring maximal and rapid isometric force production.

METHODS:
Twenty climbers (age 23.4 ± 3.0 years) attended two data collection sessions and performed three maximal isometric actions at three arm abduction angles (180°, ‘I’; 135°, ‘Y’ and 90°, ‘T’) while lying in prone position. Data were collected from both arms using a force platform sampling at 1000 Hz. Net peak force (NPF) and net force at 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 ms (NF100-NF300) were analyzed using maximum and mean values of three trials. Within-session reliability was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV). Between-session reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest real difference (SRD), and Bland-Altman analysis.

RESULTS:
NPF demonstrated good within-session reliability (CV = 5.0–7.9%) and poor-to-excellent between-session reliability (ICC = 0.77–0.95; 95% CI = 0.45–0.98), with maximum values providing superior reliability in I- and Y-positions. NF100-NF300 showed low within-session reliability that improved progressively from NF100 (CV = 24.6–48.3%) to NF300 (CV = 8.6–17.1%) and poor-to-excellent between-session reliability (ICC = 0.62–0.95; 95% CI = 0.16–0.98), with maximum values consistently outperforming mean values, particularly for the non-dominant arm and earlier time intervals.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study provides guidance for using the ASH test to facilitate shoulder injury prevention strategies by tracking changes from training interventions, return-to-play protocols, and climbing exposure.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	This is the abstract of the article published in Minerva Medica. ©Edizioni Minerva Medica. The final published article is available online on Minerva Medica website at https:doi.org [DOI to be added when AM is published]. Cite this article as Giordano A, Corcione N, Ferraro P, Morello A, Conte S, Testa L, et al.; RISPEVA Study Investigators. Comparison of ProGlide vs. Prostar in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Minerva Cardioangiol 2019;67:443-9.
Keywords:	Reproducibility of Results; Muscle Strength; Isometric Contraction; Shoulder; Athletic Performance
Subjects:	Medicine and health > Sports science Medicine and health > Physiology
Date Deposited:	24 Sep 2026
Dates:	Date Publication status 16 September 2026 Accepted
School, department or research centre:	School of Human and Social Sciences
Keywords:	Reproducibility of Results; Muscle Strength; Isometric Contraction; Shoulder; Athletic Performance
URI:	https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/15321

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