Flax, Maya (2026) ‘I feel like this was testing me, whether I could just stay quiet and get offended, or get destroyed’: immediate reaction to religious hate crime incidents. Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice. ISSN 2516-6069

Preview

PDF/A I feel like this was testing me, whether I could just stay quiet and get offended, or get destroyed_FlaxM_VoR_PDFA.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial. Download (308kB) | Preview

Abstract

This article explores hate crime targeting three specific religious groups in the United Kingdom: Muslims, Jews and Hindus. Drawing on qualitative interviews with victims, the research considers both hate crimes and noncriminal incidents such as bias and discrimination. The central aim is to examine how individuals from these groups perceive and respond to their experiences of victimization. The article presents data from interviews with 30 participants and three focus groups, focusing particularly on the participants’ immediate reactions to incidents of hate crime. The research identifies both similarities and differences in how each group responded at the time of the incident. Participants described their immediate reactions in one of four ways: inaction (outwardly not reacting), seeking some form of recourse, verbally confronting the perpetrator or retaliating with violence. Notably, none of the Jewish or Hindu participants reported responding with verbal confrontation, retaliation or physical aggression; their typical response was inaction. In contrast, Muslim participants exhibited a broader range of immediate responses, including verbal confrontation, physical retaliation and seeking recourse. This article is the first to offer insight into the varied immediate responses to hate crime among these religious communities in the United Kingdom.

Item Type:	Article
Identifier:	10.1177/25166069251412967
Keywords:	Justice, law and legal, participation, victimization
Subjects:	Law and criminal justice
Date Deposited:	29 Jan 2026
URI:	https://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/14515

Downloads

Actions (admin access)