[1] Honoring Neil M. Hawkins. fib Bulletin 81 - Punching shear resistance of structural concrete slabs, ACI-fib International Symposium. ACI-fib International Symposium; 2017.
[2] ACI Committee 318. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318-19 (Reapproved 2022), American Concrete Institute. 2019.
[3] EN1992-1-1. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings 2011;1.
[4] Abdullah A, Bailey CG, Wu ZJ. Tests investigating the punching shear of a column-slab connection strengthened with non-prestressed or prestressed FRP plates. Constr Build Mater 2013;48:1134–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.012.
[5] Wang X, Zhang X, Ding L, Tang J, Wu Z. Punching shear behavior of two-way coral-reef-sand concrete slab reinforced with BFRP composites. Constr Build Mater 2020;231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117113.
[6] Ferreira M de P, Oliveira MH, Melo GSSA. Tests on the punching resistance of flat slabs with unbalanced moments. Eng Struct 2019;196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109311.
[7] Lapi M, Ramos AP, Orlando M. Flat slab strengthening techniques against punching-shear. Eng Struct 2019;180:160–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2018.11.033.
[8] Mohamed OA, Kewalramani M, Khattab R. Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates for Strengthening of RC Slabs against Punching Shear: A Review. Polymers 2020, Vol 12, Page 685 2020;12:685. https://doi.org/10.3390/POLYM12030685.
[9] Duarte DM, Einpaul J, António AM, Fernández Ruiz M, Muttoni A. On the efficiency of flat slabs strengthening against punching using externally bonded fibre reinforced polymers. Constr Build Mater 2014;73:366–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.084.
[10] Grabski M, Ambroziak A. Experimental and analytical analysis of punching shear in flat slabs supported on column topped with concrete head. Constr Build Mater 2023;364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129961.
[11] Pérez Caldentey A, Padilla Lavaselli P, Corres Peiretti H, Ariñez Fernández F. Influence of stirrup detailing on punching shear strength of flat slabs. Eng Struct 2013;49:855–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.032.
[12] Jiao Z, Li Y, Guan H, Diao M, Yang Z, Wang J, et al. Pre- and post-punching failure performances of flat slab-column joints with drop panels and shear studs. Eng Fail Anal 2022;140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106604.
[13] El-Salakawy EF, Polak MA, Soudki KA. New Shear Strengthening Technique for Concrete Slab-Column Connections. Structural Journal 2003;100:297–304. https://doi.org/10.14359/12604.
47
[14] Saleh H, Kalfat R, Abdouka K, Al-Mahaidi R. Punching shear strengthening of RC slabs using L-CFRP laminates. Eng Struct 2019;194:274–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2019.05.050.
[15] Mercimek Ö, Ghoroubi R, Erbaş Y, Anil Ö. Comparison of strengthening methods to improve punching behavior of two-way RC flat slabs. Structures 2022;46:1495–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2022.11.018.
[16] Abbas H, Abadel AA, Almusallam T, Al-Salloum Y. Effect of CFRP and TRM Strengthening of RC Slabs on Punching Shear Strength. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 2015;12:1616–40. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78251277.
[17] Inácio MMG, Almeida AFO, Faria DMV, Lúcio VJG, Ramos AP. Punching of high strength concrete flat slabs without shear reinforcement. Eng Struct 2015;103:275–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2015.09.010.
[18] Torabian A, Mostofinejad D. Strengthening of two-way slabs with fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A new system using grooving technique and fans. Structures 2024;62:106228. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2024.106228.
[19] Gherdaoui M, Guenfoud M, Madi R. Punching behavior of strengthened and repaired RC slabs with CFRP. Constr Build Mater 2018;170:272–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.03.093.
[20] Mansour W, Li W, Ghalla M, Badawi M, El Zareef MA. Improving the punching capacity of two-way RC flat slabs via external strengthening using various configurations of aluminum sheets. Constr Build Mater 2024;420:135611. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2024.135611.
[21] Makhlouf MH, Ismail G, Abdel Kreem AH, Badawi MI. Investigation of transverse reinforcement for R.C flat slabs against punching shear and comparison with innovative strengthening technique using FRP ropes. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2023;18:e01935. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2023.E01935.
[22] Ghayeb HH, Atea RS, Al-Kannoon MAA, Lee FW, Wong LS, Mo KH. Performance of reinforced concrete flat slab strengthened with CFRP for punching shear. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2023;18:e01801. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2022.E01801.
[23] Said M, Adam MA, Arafa AE, Moatasem A. Improvement of punching shear strength of reinforced lightweight concrete flat slab using different strengthening techniques. Journal of Building Engineering 2020;32:101749. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2020.101749.
[24] Saleh H, Kalfat R, Abdouka K, Al-Mahaidi R. Experimental and numerical study into the punching shear strengthening of RC flat slabs using post-installed steel bolts. Constr Build Mater 2018;188:28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.08.064.
[25] Li VC. Tailoring ECC for Special Attributes: A Review. Int J Concr Struct Mater 2012;6:135–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40069-012-0018-8/FIGURES/16.
[26] Maalej M, Li VC. Introduction of Strain-Hardening Engineered Cementitious Composites in Design of Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members for Improved Durability. ACI Struct J 1995;92:167–76. https://doi.org/10.14359/1150.
[27] Tran H, Sorelli L, Ahmat Hisseine O, Bouchard D, Brial V, Sanchez T, et al. Development of sustainable ultra-high performance concrete recycling aluminum production waste. Constr Build Mater 2023;371:130212. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2022.130212.
[28] Singh SB, Munjal P. Engineered cementitious composite and its applications. Mater Today Proc 2020;32:797–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2020.03.743.
48
[29] Li VC, Wang S, Wu C. Tensile strain-hardening behavior or polyvinyl alcohol engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC). ACI Mater J 2001;98:483–92. https://doi.org/10.14359/10851.
[30] Emara M, Tawfik TA, Ghalla M, Elsamak G, Basha A, Badr el-din A. ECC-enhanced aluminum dowels: A solution for better load transfer in rigid concrete pavements. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2025;22:e04529. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2025.E04529.
[31] Emara M, Ghalla M, Hu JW, Badawi M, Mlybari EA, Ahmed SO. Enhancement of cantilevered RC beams exhibiting inadequate lap spliced reinforcement using sustainable reinforced ECC layers. Constr Build Mater 2024;428:136272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136272.
[32] Ghalla M, Bahrami A, Badawi M, Elsamak G, Emara M, Abdallah AM. Sustainable shear strengthening of defected RC beams using aluminum boxes and high-performance concretes. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 2025;16:103354. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASEJ.2025.103354.
[33] Ghalla M, Bahrami A, Badawi M, Mlybari EA. Novel sustainable techniques for enhancing shear strength of RC beams mitigating construction failure risk. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 2024;15:103017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2024.103017.
[34] Wang G, Yang C, Pan Y, Zhu F, Jin K, Li K, et al. Shear Behaviors of RC Beams Externally Strengthened with Engineered Cementitious Composite Layers. Materials 2019, Vol 12, Page 2163 2019;12:2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA12132163.
[35] Emara M, El-Zohairy A, Fekry M, Husain M. Effect of Using ECC Layer on the Flexural Performance of RC Beams Previously Strengthened with EB CFRP Laminates 2022;14:16990. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU142416990.
[36] Emara M, Salem MA, Mohamed HA, Shehab HA, El-Zohairy A. Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Engineered Cementitious Composites and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11110098.
[37] El Zareef MA, Ghalla M, Hu JW, Elbisy AM. Machine learning approaches for estimating concrete shear strength in FRP reinforced members without shear reinforcement. Steel and Composite Structures 2024;53:327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2024.53.3.327.
[38] Elsamak G, Ghalla M, Hu JW, Albogami A, Emara M, Ahmed SO. Embedded aluminum sections and prestressed high-performance concretes for improving shear performance of RC beams. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2025;22:e04168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04168.
[39] Vijay P V., GangaRao HVS. Bending Behavior and Deformability of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforced Concrete Members. Structural Journal 2001;98:834–42. https://doi.org/10.14359/10750.
[40] Emara M, Torres L, Baena M, Barris C, Cahís X. Bond response of NSM CFRP strips in concrete under sustained loading and different temperature and humidity conditions. Compos Struct 2018;192:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.02.048.
[41] Emara M, Barris C, Baena M, Torres L, Barros J. Bond behavior of NSM CFRP laminates in concrete under sustained loading. Constr Build Mater 2018;177:237–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.050.
[42] Emara M, Rizk MS, Mohamed HA, Zaghlal M. Enhancement of circular RC columns using steel mesh as internal or external confinement under the influence of axial compression loading. Frattura Ed Integrità Strutturale 2021;15:86–104. https://doi.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.58.07.
49
[43] Emara M, Mohamed HA, Rizk MS, Hu JW. Behavior of ECC columns confined using steel wire mesh under axial loading. Journal of Building Engineering 2021;43:102809. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2021.102809.
[44] Ghalla M, Badawi M, Hu JW, Elsamak G, Mlybari EA, Emara M. Ultimate performance of two-way reinforced concrete flat slabs enhanced by SHCC drop panels mitigating punching failure. Journal of Building Engineering 2025;99:111574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111574.
[45] Alkhawaldeh AA, Ghalla M, Elsamak G, Badawi M, Mlybari EA, Shaaban IG. Shear performance of RC beams strengthened via sustainable NSM-SHCC strips reinforced by high strength steel wires. Eng Struct 2025;334:120120. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2025.120120.
[46] Shoji D, He Z, Zhang D, Li VC. The greening of engineered cementitious composites (ECC): A review. Constr Build Mater 2022;327:126701. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2022.126701.
[47] Ghalla M, Shaaban IG, Elsamak G, Badawi M, Alshammari E, Yehia SA. Restoration of shear capacity in RC beams with cut circular web openings using stainless steel, aluminium sheets, and GFRP bars. Eng Struct 2025;334:120215. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2025.120215.
[48] Mansour W, Ghalla M, El-Demerdash WE, Elwakkad NY. Experimental and numerical insights into the ultimate capacity, stiffness, and absorbed energy of RC masonry columns strengthened using various arrangements of SHCC reinforced with continuous glass fiber textile mesh layers. Constr Build Mater 2025;475:141188. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2025.141188.
[49] Sharaky IA, Mohamed HA, Torres L, Emara M. Flexural behavior of rubberized concrete beams strengthened in shear using welded wire mesh. Compos Struct 2020;247:112485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112485.
[50] Abu Maraq MA, Tayeh BA, Ziara MM, Alyousef R. Flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with steel wire mesh and self-compacting concrete jacketing — experimental investigation and test results. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021;10:1002–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMRT.2020.12.069.
[51] Akhundzada H, Donchev T, Petkova D. Strengthening of slab-column connection against punching shear failure with CFRP laminates. Compos Struct 2019;208:656–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.09.076.
[52] Shaaban IG, Hosni AH, Montaser WM, El-Sayed MM. Effect of premature loading on punching resistance of reinforced concrete flat slabs. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2020;12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00320.
[53] Askar HS. Usage of prestressed vertical bolts for retrofitting flat slabs damaged due to punching shear. Alexandria Engineering Journal 2015;54:509–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.05.013.
[54] Ramos AP, Lúcio VJG, Faria DMV. The effect of the vertical component of prestress forces on the punching strength of flat slabs. Eng Struct 2014;76:90–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.039.
[55] Su Y, Wang X, Wu C, Xu M, Ma L, Jin C. Punching shear behavior of RC slab-column connections enhanced with ECC in core area. Structures 2025;74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108567.
[56] Edri IE, Yankelevsky DZ. Numerical framework for assessing punching shear behavior in integrity-reinforced concrete flat slab specimens. Structures 2025;76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108823.
[57] Weng YH, Hu ZJ, Deng XF. Punching shear behavior of hybrid UHPC-NC slab-column connections. Structures 2025;75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108870.
50
[58] Nguyen-The D, Thai S, Nguyen-Van H, Ngo-Huu C. Numerical modelling of punching shear behaviour of reinforced concrete flat slab and CFT column connections using steel plates. Structures 2025;74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108594.
[59] Ghalla M, Mansour W, Li W, Wang P, Badawi M, El Zareef MA. Enhancing the punching performance of two-way RC flat slabs using different configurations of embedded aluminum sections: Experimental program and numerical analysis. Constr Build Mater 2024;434:136737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136737.
[60] ASTM-C39/C39M. “Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.” ASTM International 2016.
[61] ASTM-D3039/D3039M-08. Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. ASTM International 2014.
[62] Obaidat YT, Heyden S, Dahlblom O. The effect of CFRP and CFRP/concrete interface models when modelling retrofitted RC beams with FEM. Compos Struct 2010;92:1391–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2009.11.008.
[63] Elsamak G, Elmasry AH, Rageh OB. Numerical modelling of the behavior of bare and masonry- infilled steel frames with different types of connections under static loads. Computers and Concrete 2024:17–33.
[64] Ghalla M, Badawi M, Elsamak G, Ahmed M, Liang QQ, El Zareef MA. Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with insufficient lapped splice length of reinforcing bars. Engineering Structures 2024;321:118922. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2024.118922.
[65] Elsamak G, Ghalla M, Hu JW, Albogami A, Emara M, Ahmed SO. Embedded aluminum sections and prestressed high-performance concretes for improving shear performance of RC beams. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2025;22:e04168. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2024.E04168.
[66] Badawi M, Bahrami A, Ghalla M, Emara M, Mlybari EA, Elsamak G. Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete cantilever beams having insufficient splice length. Results in Engineering 2024;24:102869. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2024.102869.
[67] Alharthai M, Bahrami A, Badawi M, Ghalla M, Elsamak G, Abdelmgeed FA. Numerical study on enhancing shear performance of RC beams with external aluminum alloy plates bonded using steel anchors. Results in Engineering 2024;22:102143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102143.
[68] Salama MI, Hu JW, Almaadawy A, Hamoda A, Rageh BO, Elsamak G, et al. Behavior of simple precast high-strength concrete beams connected in the maximum bending moment zone using steel extended endplate connections. Steel and Composite Structures 2024;50:627. https://doi.org/10.12989/SCS.2024.50.6.627.
[69] Elsamak G, Salama MI, Hamoda A. Behavior of Precast Segmental Beams Made of High-strength Concrete and Ultra-high Performance Fiber Concrete Connected by Shear Keys Technique. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2023;48:4907–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13369-022-07193-7/TABLES/9.
[70] Wang M, Shi Y, Wang Y, Shi G. Numerical study on seismic behaviors of steel frame end-plate connections. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2013;90:140–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2013.07.033.
[71] El-Khoriby S, Sakr MA, Khalifa TM, Eladly MM. Modelling and behaviour of beam-to-column connections under axial force and cyclic bending. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2017;129:171–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2016.11.006.
51
[72] Carreira and Chu. Relationship for Plain Concrete in Comprcssion Strcss € train. ACI Struct J 1985:797–804. https://doi.org/10.14359/10390.
[73] Zhou J, Pan J, Leung CKY. Mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composites in uniaxial compression. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2015;27. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001034.
[74] Heneash U, Ghalla M, Tawfik TA, Elsamak G, Emara M, Basha A. Impact of various dowel bars techniques in joints of plain concrete connected rigid pavements: Experimental and numerical investigations. Results in Engineering 2025;25:103858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103858.
[75] Elsamak G, Alkhawaldeh AA, Badawi M, Alshammari E, Tawfik TA, Ghalla M. Externally bonded and anchored engineered cementitious composite and glass fiber mesh strips for enhancing defected RC beams in shear. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2025;22:e04385. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2025.E04385.
[76] Elsamak G, Ghalla M, Badawi M, Albogami A, Tawfik TA, Shahin RI. Anchored and epoxied ferrocement strips for improving flexural performance of two-way reinforced concrete slabs. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2025;22:e04314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04314.
[77] K, Hibbitt,Inc S. ABAQUS theory manual, user manual and example manual, version 6.7, Providence, RI. 2000. 2000.