Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988) 'Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach', Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), pp. 411-423.
Andrews, T. (2024) 'Public expectations of police education in England and Wales', Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 18, pp. 1-9.
Andrews, T. (2025) 'Education or indoctrination? An exploration of the resistance towards making policing a degree-level profession', The Police Journal, 98, pp. 234-248.
Baldwin-Evans, K. (2004) 'Employees and e-learning: What do the end-users think?', Industrial and Commercial Training, 36(7), pp. 269-274.
Birzer, M.L. and Tannehill, R. (2001) 'A more effective training approach for contemporary policing', Police Quarterly, 4(2), pp. 233-252.
Brewer, D., Gates, S. and Goldman, C. (2002) In pursuit of prestige: Strategy and competition in U.S. higher education. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Brown, J. (2018) 'Do graduate police officers make a difference to policing? Results of an integrative literature review', Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 14(1), pp. 9-30.
Bruns, D. and Magnan, K. (2014) 'Police officer perspectives on higher education: Is the degree a necessary ingredient for the performance and behavior of police officers?', Journal of Law and Criminal Justice, 2(2), pp. 24-45.
Byrne, M., Flood, B., Hassall, T., Joyce, J. and Montaño, J. (2012) 'Motivations, expectations and preparedness for higher education: A study of accounting students in Ireland, the UK, Spain and Greece', Accounting Forum, 36(2), pp. 134-144.
Carter, D., Sapp, A. and Stephens, D. (1989) The state of police education: Policy direction for the 21st century. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
Carter, D.L. and Sapp, A.D. (1990) 'The evolution of higher education in law enforcement: Preliminary findings from a national study', Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 1(1), pp. 59-85.
Chan, J., Devery, C. and Doran, S. (2003) Fair cop: Learning the art of policing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Chavez, J.L., Torres, S. and Lee-Silcox, N. (2023) 'Path to leadership: The role of graduate education in police promotion outcomes', Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 34(2), pp. 178-196.
Colquitt, J., LePine, J. and Noe, A. (2000) 'Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research', Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), pp. 678-707.
Cordner, G. and Shain, C. (2011) 'The changing landscape of police education and training', Police Practice and Research, 12(4), pp. 281-285.
Crawford, A. (2017) 'Research co-production and knowledge mobilisation in policing', in Knutsson, J. and Tompson, L. (eds.) Advances in evidence based policing. London: Routledge, pp. 195-213.
Deci, E.L. (1975) Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum.
Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (2000) 'The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self determination of behavior', Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), pp. 227-268.
Donavant, B.W. (2009) 'The new, modern practice of adult education: Online instruction in a continuing professional education setting', Adult Education Quarterly, 59(3), pp. 227-245.
Fielding, N. (1988) Joining forces: Police training, socialization, and occupational competence. London: Routledge.
Gardiner, C. (2015) 'College cops: A study of education and policing in California', Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 38(4), pp. 648-663.
Goode, J. and Lumsden, K. (2016) 'The McDonaldisation of police-academic partnerships: Organisational and cultural barriers encountered in moving from research on police to research with police', Policing & Society, 28(1), pp. 75-89.
Hallenberg, K.M., and Cockcroft, T. (2017), 'From indifference to hostility: Police officers, organizational responses and the symbolic value of 'academic' knowledge', Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 11/3: 273-288.
Hilal, S., Densley, J. and Zhao, R. (2013) 'Cops in college: Police officers' perceptions on formal education', Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 24(4), pp. 461-477.
Honess, R. (2020) 'Mandatory police training: The epitome of dissatisfaction and demotivation?', Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 14, pp. 191-201.
Honess, R. and Clarke, S. (2023) ''It's not "uni" work, it's essential learning to be a police officer': Examining the higher education elements of police education qualifications framework programmes', Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 17, pp. 1-13.
Hough, M. and Stanko, E. (2019) 'Designing degree-level courses for police recruits in England and Wales: Some issues and challenges', Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 14(1), pp. 31-42.
Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999) 'Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives', Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), pp. 1-55.
Jones, M. (2015) 'Creating the 'thinking police officer': Exploring motivations and professional impact of part-time higher education', Policing, 10(3), pp. 232-240.
Karaferis, D., Aletras, V., Raikou, M. and Niakas, D. (2022) 'Factors influencing motivation and work engagement of healthcare professionals', Mater Sociomed, 34(3), pp. 216-224.
Kline, R.B. (2016) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 4th edn. New York: Guilford Press.
Kotera, Y., Gorchakova, V., Maybury, S., Edwards, A.-M. and Kotera, H. (2022) 'Comparison of academic motivation between business and healthcare students in online learning: A concurrent nested mixed-method study', Healthcare, 10, pp. 1580-1595.
Manis, J., Archbold, C. and Hassell, K. (2008) 'Exploring the impact of education level on allegations of police misconduct', International Journal of Police Science and Management, 10(4), pp. 509-523.
Neyroud, P. (2011) Review of police leadership and training. London: Home Office.
Norman, J. and Fleming, J. (2022) 'Utilising police knowledge and skills: Experiences from police practitioners studying a police specific degree', International Journal of Police Science & Management, 24, pp. 162-174.
Norman, J. and Williams, E. (2017) 'Putting learning into practice: Self-reflections from cops', European Police Science and Research Bulletin, 3, pp. 197-203.
Palos, R., Virga, D. and Dediu, R. (2025) 'Students' approach to learning and their intrinsic motivation to know the moderating role of psychological needs', Current Psychology. doi: 10.1007/s12144-025-07990-x.
Paoline, E.A. and Terrill, W. (2007) 'Police education, experience, and the use of force', Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(2), pp. 179-196.
Paterson, C. (2011) 'Adding value? A review of the international literature on the role of higher education in police training and education', Police Practice and Research, 12(4), pp. 286-297.
Preacher, K.J. and Hayes, A.F. (2008) 'Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models', Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), pp. 879-891.
Roberg, R. and Bonn, S. (2004) 'Higher education and policing: Where are we now?', Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 27(4), pp. 469-486.
Ryan, R.M. and Deci, E.L. (2000) 'Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being', American Psychologist, 55(1), pp. 68-78.
Ryan, R.M. and Deci, E.L. (2017) Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: Guilford Publishing.
Rydberg, J. and Terrill, W. (2010) 'The effect of higher education on police behavior', Police Quarterly, 13(1), pp. 92-120.
Super, D.E. (1980) 'A life-span, life-space approach to career development', Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3), pp. 282-298.
Tong, S. and Hallenberg, K. (2018) 'Education and the police professionalisation agenda: A perspective from England and Wales', in Rogers, C. and Frevel, B. (eds.) Higher education and police. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Watkinson-Miley, C., Cox, C. and Deshpande, M. (2021) 'A new generation of police officers: Experiences of student officers undertaking the police constable degree apprenticeship in one UK police force', Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 16(1), pp. 122-134.
Weirman, C.L. (1978) 'Variances of ability measurement scores obtained by college and non-college educated troopers', The Police Chief, 45(8), pp. 34-36.
Williams, E. and Cockcroft, T. (2019) 'Knowledge wars: Professionalization, organisational justice, and competing knowledge paradigms in British policing', in Mitchell, R.J. and Huey, L. (eds.) Evidence based policing: An introduction. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 131-141.
Wood, D. and Tong, S. (2009) 'The future of initial police training: A university perspective', International Journal of Police Science and Management, 11(3), pp. 294-305.
Zeng, D., Takada, N., Hara, Y., Sugiyama, S., Ito, Y. and Nihei, Y. (2022) 'Impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on work engagement: A cross-sectional study of nurses working in long-term care facilities', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, pp. 1-13.