WHO. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014. World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 2014).
Mulani, M. S., Kamble, E. E., Kumkar, S. N., Tawre, M. S. & Pardesi, K. R. Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: A review. Front. Microbiol. 10, 539 (2019).
Murray, C. J. L. et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399, 629–655 (2022).
Li, R., Li, Y., Li, H., Zhang, G. & Xu, Y. Differential drivers on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in agricultural soils and crops: evidence from the different fertilization regimes. J. Environ. Manage. 367, 121998 (2024).
Laxminarayan, R. et al. The < em > lancet infectious diseases commission on antimicrobial resistance: 6 years later. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, e51–e60 (2020).
Cave, R., Cole, J. & Mkrtchyan, H. V. Surveillance and prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from public settings within urban built environments: challenges and opportunities for hygiene and infection control. Environ. Int. 157, 106836 (2021).
Zhen Xu. Dissemination, antibiotic susceptibility, proteomic and genomic characterization of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci recovered from general public settings (Queen Mary University of London, 2016).
Xu, Z. et al. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci from public shared bicycles in Tianjin, China. J. Glob Antimicrob. Resist. 19, 231–235 (2019).
Xu, Z. et al. Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus recovered from hospital personnel. J. Med. Microbiol. 69, 1332–1338 (2020).
Xu, Z. et al. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis recovered from hospital personnel in China. J. Glob Antimicrob. Resist. 22, 195–201 (2020).
Qiao, M., Ying, G. G., Singer, A. C. & Zhu, Y. G. Review of antibiotic resistance in China and its environment. Environ. Int. 110, 160–172 (2018).
Eskdale, A., Tholth, M., Paul, J. D., Desphande, J. & Cole, J. Climate stress impacts on livestock health: implications for farming livelihoods and animal disease in Karnataka, India. CABI One Heal. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabionehealth.2022.0009 (2023).
Sun, X. et al. Exploring the disparity of inhalable bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes between hazy days and non-hazy days in a cold megacity in Northeast China. J. Hazard. Mater. 398, 122984 (2020).
Zhou, Z. C. et al. Spread of antibiotic resistance genes and microbiota in airborne particulate matter, dust, and human airways in the urban hospital. Environ. Int. 153, 106501 (2021).
Zibo, L. et al. Impact factors of the accumulation, migration and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Environ. Geochem. Health. 43, 1741–1758 (2021).
Abelenda-Alonso, G., Rombauts, A., Burguillos, N. & Carratalà, J. One air, one health: air pollution in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 27, 947–948 (2021).
Zhang, T. et al. Time-resolved spread of antibiotic resistance genes in highly polluted air. Environ. Int. 127, 333–339 (2019).
Wang, Q. et al. Seasonal disparities and source tracking of airborne antibiotic resistance genes in Handan, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 422, 126844 (2022).
Zhou, X. Y., Li, H., Zhou, S. Y. D., Zhang, Y. S. & Su, J. Q. City-scale distribution of airborne antibiotic resistance genes. Sci. Total Environ. 856, 159176 (2023).
Liao, Z. N. et al. Seasonal and vegetational variations of culturable bacteria concentrations in air from urban forest parks: a case study in Hunan, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. 29, 28933–28945 (2022).
de Sa, T. H., Ludolph, R., Hinsch, M. & Roebbel, N. Health at the heart of urban and territorial planning: the who’s multi-sectoral leadership for human and planetary health. J. Urban Heal. 98, 438–441 (2021).
Pathak, N., Pollard, K. J. & McKinney, A. Lifestyle medicine interventions for personal and planetary health: the urgent need for action. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 16, 589–593 (2022).
Tong, Y. et al. Highly-resolved spatial-temporal variations of air pollutants from Chinese industrial boilers. Environ. Pollut. 289, 117931 (2021).
Maestre-Carballa, L., Navarro‐López, V. & Martinez‐Garcia, M. Metagenomic airborne resistome from urban hot spots through the one health lens. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 16, e13306 (2024).
Lacey, J. & Venette, J. Outdoor air sampling techniques. In Bioaerosols handbook 407–471 (CRC, 2020).
Hutchings, M. I., Truman, A. W. & Wilkinson, B. Antibiotics: past, present and future. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 51, 72–80 (2019).
Schmittgen, T. D. & Livak, K. J. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nat. Protoc. 3, 1101–1108 (2008).
Zhang, J., Kobert, K., Flouri, T. & Stamatakis, A. PEAR: a fast and accurate illumina Paired-End read merger. Bioinformatics 30, 614–620 (2014).
Schmieder, R. & Edwards, R. Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets. Bioinformatics 27, 863–864 (2011).
Wang, Y., Wang, C. & Song, L. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria from six atmospheric environments: exposure risk to human. Sci. Total Environ. 694, 133750 (2019).
Li, J. et al. Global survey of antibiotic resistance genes in air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 10975–10984 (2018).
Wu, D. et al. Inhalable antibiotic resistomes emitted from hospitals: metagenomic insights into bacterial hosts, clinical relevance, and environmental risks. Microbiome 10, 19 (2022).
Adams, C. E. & Dancer, S. J. Dynamic transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in the intensive care unit. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17, 2109 (2020).
Kumari, D. N. P. et al. Ventilation grilles as a potential source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing an outbreak in an orthopaedic ward at a district general hospital. J. Hosp. Infect. 39, 127–133 (1998).
Koch, K., Wuyts, K., Denys, S. & Samson, R. The influence of plant species, leaf morphology, height and season on PM capture efficiency in living wall systems. Sci. Total Environ. 905, 167808 (2023).
Sheikh, H. A., Maher, B. A., Woods, A. W., Tung, P. Y. & Harrison, R. J. Efficacy of green infrastructure in reducing exposure to local, traffic-related sources of airborne particulate matter (PM). Sci. Total Environ. 903, 166598 (2023).
Tan, X. Y., Liu, L. & Wu, D. Y. Relationship between leaf dust retention capacity and leaf microstructure of six common tree species for campus greening. Int. J. Phytorem. 24, 1213–1221 (2022).
Yu, A. O., Leveau, J. H. J. & Marco, M. L. Abundance, diversity and plant-specific adaptations of plant‐associated lactic acid bacteria. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 12, 16–29 (2020).
Krishnamoorthi, R. et al. Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of bacteriocin by Lactococcus lactis strain CH3 isolated from fermented dairy products—An in vitro and in Silico approach. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 220, 291–306 (2022).
Das, S. et al. A novel probiotic strain of Lactobacillus fermentum TIU19 isolated from Haria beer showing both in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm properties upon two multi resistant uro-pathogen strains. Curr. Res. Microb. Sci. 3, 100150 (2022).
Liang, Z. et al. Pollution profiles of antibiotic resistance genes associated with airborne opportunistic pathogens from typical area, Pearl river estuary and their exposure risk to human. Environ. Int. 143, 105934 (2020).
Dewi, R. R. et al. On-Farm Practices Associated with Multi-Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Derived from Cultured Fish. Microorganisms vol. 10 1520 (2022).
Wu, Y. H. et al. Increased risks of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) induced by Chlorine disinfection in the reverse osmosis system for potable reuse of reclaimed water. Sci. Total Environ. 815, 152860 (2022).
Zhou, Y., Drouin, P. & Lafrenière, C. Effect of temperature (5–25°C) on epiphytic lactic acid bacteria populations and fermentation of whole-plant corn silage. J. Appl. Microbiol. 121, 657–671 (2016).
Ouyang, W. et al. Airborne bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance gene dynamics in PM2.5 during rainfall. Environ. Int. 134, 105318 (2020).
Li, X. et al. Short-term Biodrying achieves compost maturity and significantly reduces antibiotic resistance genes during semi-continuous food waste composting inoculated with mature compost. J. Hazard. Mater. 427, 127915 (2022).
Bai, H. et al. Spread of airborne antibiotic resistance from animal farms to the environment: dispersal pattern and exposure risk. Environ. Int. 158, 106927 (2022).
Zhao, Y. et al. Monitoring antibiotic resistomes and bacterial microbiomes in the aerosols from fine, hazy, and dusty weather in Tianjin, China using a developed high-volume tandem liquid impinging sampler. Sci. Total Environ. 731, 139242 (2020).
Yan, X. et al. Characteristics of airborne bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes under different air quality levels. Environ. Int. 161, 107127 (2022).
He, H. et al. Degradation and deactivation of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes during exposure to free Chlorine, monochloramine, Chlorine dioxide, Ozone, ultraviolet light, and hydroxyl radical. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 2013–2026 (2019).
Prediletto, R., Fornai, E., Catapano, G. & Carli, C. Assessment of the alveolar volume